DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP UNDERSTANDING AS A PREDICTOR OF STUDENTS’ ETHICAL BEHAVIOR ON TIKTOK : EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIAN MADRASAH STUDENTS
Keywords:
Civic Education, Digital Citizenship, Ethical Behavior, Social Media, TikTokAbstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between digital citizenship understanding and ethical behavior of students in using TikTok social media. The study uses a quantitative approach with a correlational design and involves 66 students of class XII MAN 1 Way Kanan as samples through total sampling technique. Data were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire developed based on Ribble's (2015) theory for the digital citizenship understanding variable and Martin et al.'s (2018) theory for the ethical behavior variable. Data analysis was performed using the Spearman Rank correlation test because one of the variables was not normally distributed. The results showed a correlation coefficient of ρ = 0.775 with a significance of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a positive and strong relationship between the two variables. This means that the higher the students' understanding of digital citizenship, the better their ethical behavior in using TikTok. This study concludes that digital citizenship plays an important role in shaping responsible digital behavior. The limitations of this study include the use of a correlational design, a single sample from one madrasah, and self-report data that may contain bias.
References
Akcıl, U., & Bastas, M. (2021). Examination of university students' attitudes towards e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic process and the relationship of digital citizenship. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3), ep291. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/9341
Al-Ayyubi, M. Z. (2019). Etika bermedia sosial dalam menyikapi pemberitaan bohong (hoax) perspektif hadis. Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur'an dan Hadis, 19(2), 148–165. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.2018.1902-02
Al Ketbi, N., Habes, M., Shaheen, L., Attar, R. W., Tahat, D., & Alhazmi, A. H. (2025). The impact of social media use on tolerance, community peace, online ethical awareness among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1500727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1500727
Aufa, M. I. (2024). The influence of TikTok on the moral conduct of high school students: A case study in MAN Purwakarta. Heutagogia: Journal of Islamic Education, 4(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.14421/hjie.2024.41-08
Azefack, H. L., & Huboh, S. R. (2024). The impact of social media on moral values among young adults in Cameroon secondary schools in the Centre Region. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 8(12), 2454–6186. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120012
Brady, W. J., Crockett, M. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2024). Social media and morality. Annual Review of Psychology, 75, 311–340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-022123-110258
Capuno, R., Suson, R., Suladay, D., Arnaiz, V., Villarin, I., & Jungoy, E. (2022). Digital citizenship in education and its implication. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 14(2), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i2.6952
Chen, L. L., Mirpuri, S., Rao, N., & Law, N. (2021). Conceptualization and measurement of digital citizenship across disciplines. Educational Research Review, 33, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100379
Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory and Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549
Choi, M., Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2018). Teachers as digital citizens: The influence of individual backgrounds, internet use and psychological characteristics on teachers' levels of digital citizenship. Computers & Education, 121, 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.005
Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002
Connolly, R. W., & Miller, J. (2022). Evaluating and revising the Digital Citizenship Scale. Informatics, 9(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030061
Harahap, A. S., Nabila, S., Sahyati, D., Tindaon, M., & Batubara, A. (2024). Pengaruh media sosial terhadap perilaku etika remaja di era digital. Indonesian Culture and Religion Issues, 1(2), 9–16. . 0c30f2f76fd1eb9d6a07b976046433fbc927.pdf
Harrison, T., & Polizzi, G. (2022). (In)civility and adolescents’ moral decision making online: Drawing on moral theory to advance digital citizenship education. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 3277–3297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10710-0
Jones, L. M., & Mitchell, K. J. (2016). Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media & Society, 18(9), 2063–2079. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815577797
Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth digital citizenship scale and implication for educational setting. Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26273877
Kim, Y., & Choi, J. (2024). Investigating university students’ digital citizenship development through the lens of digital literacy practice: A translingual and transemiotizing perspective. Language and Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2024.2359012
Martin, K., Freeman, R. E., & Parmar, B. (2018). The Cambridge handbook of stakeholder theory. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108123495
Mohamed, A., & Hassan, T. (2025). The impact of TikTok addiction on the academic performance of undergraduate students in universities in Mogadishu, Somalia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5366681
Netwong, T. (2013). Development of digital citizenship and learning achievement through e-learning. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 3(2), 146–149. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJEEEE.2013.V3.211
Neumann, D., & Rhodes, N. (2024). Morality in social media: A scoping review. New Media & Society, 26(5), 2456–2479. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231166056
Nugroho, W. N., Alhusna, Y., Tiyara, T., & Thoha, M. (2023). The influence of TikTok social media on student behavior at MTsN Nurul Huda. International Journal of Education and Teaching Zone, 2(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.57092/ijetz.v2i1.105
Obasi, H. U. (2024). The effect of TikTok on the academic performance of students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. ISRG Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science, 2(2), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968073
Praptiningsih, N. A., & Handayani, A. K. (2017). Implikasi nettiquette sebagai adab bermedia sosial dalam dakwah religi. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 144–162. https://journal.uhamka.ac.id/index.php/jpi/article/view/807
Regasa, A., Tolossa, T., & Debela, B. K. (2023). The impact of TikTok on students: A literature review. Qeios. https://doi.org/10.32388/EPFGO6
Ribble, M. (2015). Digital citizenship in schools: Nine elements all students should know (3rd ed.). International Society for Technology in Education.
Richardson, J. W., Martin, F., & Sauers, N. (2021). Systematic review of 15 years of research on digital citizenship: 2004–2019. Learning, Media and Technology, 46(4), 498–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1941098
Rodriguez, C. A., et al. (2021). The ethical implications of using social media to engage and retain justice-involved youth in behavioral health research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 16(4), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/15562646211039701
Saidi, M. R., Supriyono, & Al-Atok, A. R. (2022). Pengaruh literasi digital dan literasi kewarganegaraan terhadap tingkat ketahanan pribadi siswa sekolah menengah kejuruan. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 7(1), 119–128. 9740
Santoso, G., Supiati, A., Komalasari, L., Subandi, E. T., & Hafidah, I. (2023). Kewarganegaraan digital di era Industri 4.0: Tantangan dan peluang membangun masyarakat global yang inklusif. Jurnal Pendidikan Transformatif, 2(2), 141–146. Kewarganegaraan Digital di Era Industri 4.0: Tantangan dan Peluang Membangun Masyarakat Global yang Inklusif | Jurnal Pendidikan Transformatif
Saputra, M. (2022). Integrasi kewarganegaraan digital dalam mata kuliah pendidikan kewarganegaraan untuk menumbuhkan etika berinternet (netiket) di kalangan mahasiswa. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 10(2), 78–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.20527/kewarganegaraan.v12i01.13635
Shi, G., Chan, K. K., & Lin, X. F. (2023). A systematic review of digital citizenship empirical studies for practitioners. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 3953–3975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11383-z
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian pendidikan: Pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Wahyudin, U., & El Karimah, K. (2016). Etika komunikasi di media sosial. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Komunikasi, 216–224. https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=769559&val=12563&title=ETIKA
Walters, M. G., Gee, D., & Mohammed, S. (2019). A literature review: Digital citizenship and the elementary educator. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 2(1), 1–21. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1264251.pdf
Wang, X., & Shang, Q. (2024). How do social and parasocial relationships on TikTok impact the well-being of university students? The roles of algorithm awareness and compulsive use. Acta Psychologica, 248, 104369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104369
Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, S., & Shen, J. (2025). TikTok in higher education: A systematic review of disciplinary applications, learning outcomes, and implementation factors. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2564736
Yao, N., Chen, J., Huang, S., Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2023). Depression and social anxiety in relation to problematic TikTok use severity: The mediating role of boredom proneness and distress intolerance. Computers in Human Behavior, 145, 107751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107751
Zahra, M. F., Qazi, T. A., Ali, A. S., Hayat, N., & Hassan,T. (2022). How TikTok addiction leads to mental health illness? Examining the mediating role of academic performance using structural equation modeling. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(10), 1490–1502. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/13392
.png)
