OPTIMIZATION OF VALUABLE MINERALS (MG2+ & K⁺) RECOVERY FROM SEAWATER USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)

Authors

  • Raka Selaksa Charisma Muchammad Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur
  • Aisyah Alifatul Zahidah Rohmah Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Jl. Rungkut Madya No.1, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60294, Indonesia
  • Caecilia Pudjiastuti Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Jl. Rungkut Madya No.1, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60294, Indonesia
  • Alifah Nur Aini Fajrin Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Jl. Rungkut Madya No.1, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60294, Indonesia
  • Ketut Sumada Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36526/jc.v7i2.6284

Keywords:

Co-precipitation, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Seawater

Abstract

The extraction of metallic ions from seawater brine within a circular economy framework presents economic promise yet is hampered by concomitant ionic interference manifested during the precipitation of salts. The present investigation sought to characterize and subsequently to refine the co-precipitation steps for magnesium and potassium ions such that they yield suitable precursors for the synthesis of struvite fertilizer. The experimental work utilized a Response Surface Methodology built upon a Face-Centered Central Composite Design, interrogating the influence of the molar ratio of sodium hydrogen phosphate to calcium chloride and the duration of reaction on the simultaneous recovery of Mg²⁺ and K⁺. Results from the Analysis of Variance demonstrated that the principal effects of the aforementioned ratio, reaction duration, and their interaction terms were statistically significant for both target recoveries. By iterative optimization, the experimental framework predicted optimal operational parameters of sodium hydrogen phosphate to calcium chloride ratio of 0.401 and a reaction interval of 11.608 minutes, corresponding to a composite desirability statistic of 0.908 and estimated recoveries of 93.979 % and 97.300 % for magnesium and potassium ions, respectively. The data therefore substantiate the conclusion that Response Surface Methodology provides a systematic and analytically tractable conduit for the resolution of equilibrated brine mixtures, delineating a refined process envelope that promotes the extraction and economic valorization of essential mineral fertilizers from industrial saline streams.

References

Alam, P., Noman, O. M., Herqash, R. N., Almarfadi, O. M., Akhtar, A., & Alqahtani, A. S. (2022). Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-Based Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sennoside A, Sennoside B, Aloe-Emodin, Emodin, and Chrysophanol from Senna alexandrina (Aerial Parts): HPLC-UV and Antioxidant Analysis. Molecules 2022, Vol. 27, Page 298, 27(1), 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES27010298

Le Corre, K. S., Valsami-Jones, E., Hobbs, P., & Parsons, S. A. (2009). Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater by Struvite Crystallization: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 39(6), 433–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380701640573

Lee, J. J., & Yoon, K. Y. (2021). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) using response surface methodology. CyTA - Journal of Food, 19(1), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2021.1973110

Loganathan, P., Naidu, G., & Vigneswaran, S. (2017). Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 3(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EW00268D

MOHAMMED, J., SANI, A., & OLANREWAJU, B. (2025). RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM): A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH FOR OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PARAMETERS FROM DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS. International Journal of Modeling and Applied Science Research. https://doi.org/10.70382/caijmasr.v8i9.027

Montgomery, D. C. . (2017). Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pujiastuti, C., Sumada, K., Ngatilah, Y., & Hadi, P. (n.d.). REMOVAL OF Mg 2+ , K + , SO4-2 IONS FROM SEAWATER BY PRECIPITATION METHOD. https://doi.org/10.1051/conf/2016

Raziani, A., & Mohammadidoust, A. (2020). Modeling and optimization study by response surface methodology on magnesium ions removal from hard water through a biosorbent. In Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater (Vol. 13, Issue 1).

Uysal, S., Cvetanović, A., Zengin, G., Zeković, Z., Mahomoodally, M. F., & Bera, O. (2019). Optimization of Maceration Conditions for Improving the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Effects of Momordica Charantia L. Leaves Through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Analytical Letters, 52(13), 2150–2163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2019.1599007

Variyana, Y., Fitria, M., Muchammad, R. S. C., & Mahfud, M. (2024). Enhancing Indian onion (Allium Cepa L. var. aggregatum) extraction by microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) method: Parametric study and optimization using FCCD design. Results in Engineering, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103294

Wei, L., Tang, Y., Zhang, T., Ji, J., Zhang, Q., Dong, Y., Luo, L., Ding, X., & kong, J. (2025). Factors influencing K-struvite purity via phosphorus coprecipitation in synthetic urine: Verification, quantification, and modelling. Environmental Research, 264, 120346. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2024.120346

Zaid, H., Al-Sharify, Z. T., Hamzah, M. H., & Rushdi, S. (2022). OPTIMIZATION OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL PROCESSES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY-A REVIEW. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 26(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.6.1

Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Zhang, Y., & Jegatheesan, V. (2021). A review of resource recovery from seawater desalination brine. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 20(2), 333–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11157-021-09570-4/METRICS

Published

2025-09-30

How to Cite

Muchammad, R. S. C., Aisyah Alifatul Zahidah Rohmah, Caecilia Pudjiastuti, Alifah Nur Aini Fajrin, & Sumada, K. (2025). OPTIMIZATION OF VALUABLE MINERALS (MG2+ & K⁺) RECOVERY FROM SEAWATER USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM). Jurnal Crystal : Publikasi Penelitian Kimia Dan Terapannya, 7(2), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.36526/jc.v7i2.6284