Jurnal Crystal : Publikasi Penelitian Kimia dan Terapannya
Jurnal ini memuat dan menerbitkan artikel sesuai dengan bidang ilmu kimia murni dan terapan yaitu kimia analitik, kimia organik, kimia anorganik, biokimia, kimia material, teknik kimia, kimia kosmetik, kimia bahan pangan, kimia lingkungan dan kimia edukasi. Terbit dua kali dalam setahun yaitu bulan maret dan september oleh Program Studi Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi. Informasi terbaru Jurnal Crystal 2024
Program Studi Kimia, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi
Creative Commons Attribution-4.0 International License
PENGUJIAN PERFORMA ALAT SPECTRONIC 20D+ DENGAN LARUTAN KALIUM PERMANGANAT (KMNO4)
The Spectronic 20D+ is a simple spectophotometer that is still widely used in laboratories for both research and practicum activities. In order to ensure the continued accuracy of measurements, it is imperative that this instrument undergoes rigorous testing to ascertain its performance. The selection of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as the testing solution is particularly salient in this context, given its notable advantages over conventional alternatives such as cobalt (II) chloride and potassium dichromate. These alternatives, while widely employed, are associated with a higher degree of risk and cost. The objective of this study is to ascertain the performance of the Spectronic 20D+ device when utilized with a KMnO4 solution. In this study, two units of Spectronic 20D+ were utilized, with one unit receiving a filter cleaning treatment only (PF), and the other undergoing a filter cleaning and replacement of the wolfram lamp (PFL). The maximum wavelength test yielded a value of 515 nanometers on both devices prior to the initiation of the repair process. The results of measuring the standard solution show that there is an increase in the amount of light absorbed, the slope of the line, and the coefficient of determination (R²). These were statistically tested with significantly different results on both tools after the repair process. This finding indicates that the measurement outcomes of the KMnO4 solution can serve as a reliable metric for evaluating the performance of the device before and after the repair process. Furthermore, following the restoration of the tool, the optimal linear range for KMnO4 concentration measurement was ascertained, ranging from 0 to 25 ppm. This determination was informed by the highest R2 value and the outcomes of cuvette correction testing, which yielded a consistent molar permissivity significance value as determined by the Duncan test for the five cuvettes utilized in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rohmat Ismail, Irma Wahyuningtyas, Manasye Erlangga, Esti Prihatini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EKSPLORASI ZAT WARNA ALAMI DARI TUMBUHAN LOKAL MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK DECOCTION DAN APLIKASINYA PADA KAIN KATUN
Industri tekstil merupakan salah satu penyumbang utama pencemaran lingkungan, terutama akibat penggunaan zat warna sintetis yang bersifat toksik dan tidak dapat terurai secara hayati. Sebagai alternatif, zat warna alami yang berasal dari bahan nabati menawarkan solusi yang lebih berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi warna dari delapan sumber tanaman lokal, yaitu Tectona grandis (daun jati), Psidium guajava (daun jambu biji), Mangifera indica (daun mangga), Carica papaya (daun pepaya), Vitex pinnata (kulit kayu mauni), Cocos nucifera (sabut kelapa), dan Morinda citrifolia (akar mengkudu) saat diaplikasikan pada kain katun tanpa penggunaan mordant. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif melalui eksperimen laboratorium yang melibatkan tahapan persiapan, ekstraksi menggunakan metode dekoksi, dan aplikasi langsung zat warna pada kain katun. Observasi dilakukan terhadap karakteristik visual warna yang dihasilkan serta hubungannya dengan kandungan fitokimia masing-masing bahan tumbuhan, seperti flavonoid, tanin, antosianin, dan senyawa fenolik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas dan variasi warna yang beragam pada kain katun, yang mengindikasikan potensi beberapa spesies tumbuhan untuk dikembangkan sebagai pewarna tekstil alami. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengembangan awal teknologi pewarnaan berbasis hayati lokal yang selaras dengan prinsip tekstil ramah lingkungan dan kimia hijau.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Setyaningsih, Indri Susanti, Siska Ayu Wulandari, Binar Ayu Dewanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STEPPING COLORATION OF Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 ELECTROCHROMIC FILM PREPARED BY A SIMPLE CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION METHOD
Electrochromic smart windows enable dynamic regulation of solar irradiation, thereby contributing to improved energy efficiency in building environments. In this work, Co(OH)₂/Ni(OH)₂ composite films were successfully deposited onto ITO-coated glass substrates via a facile chemical bath deposition method. Two configurations were explored: a homogeneously mixed composite and a double-layer architecture. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Both film types exhibited voltage-dependent, stepwise color modulation under applied potentials, confirming their electrochromic behavior. Notably, the mixed Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 film demonstrated enhanced optical modulation, with a transmittance change (ΔT) of 11.10% and an optical density change (ΔOD) of 0.09 at 0.15 V, increasing to 50.14% and 0.91 at 0.75 V. In contrast, the bilayer configuration showed significantly lower ΔT and ΔOD values of 1.36% and 0.13 at 0.15 V, and 9.64% and 0.31 at 0.75 V. These results highlight the synergistic role of Co(OH)2 in tuning the optical response of Ni(OH)₂-based electrochromic films and suggest that compositional mixing is more effective than stratified layering for optimizing optical contrast in electrochromic devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 M Alvien Ghifari, Desti Riandiani, Juwita Sari, Bambang Ari Wahjoedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULASI EKSTRAK DAUN KITOLOD (HIPOBROMA LONGIFLORA) DALAM SEDIAAN OBAT KUMUR ALAMI TERHADAP BAKTERI STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
The kitolod plant (Hippobroma longiflora) has been demonstrated to possess antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, the bacterium responsible for the development of dental caries. The objective of this study was to formulate a mouthwash preparation using kitolod leaf extract. The extract was formulated into three distinct formulations. The mouthwash was evaluated for its pH, viscosity, stability, and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial evaluation was executed in accordance with the Kirby-Bauer method. The positive control utilized in this study was 0.2% chlorhexidine. The pH test results indicated that all three formulations had a pH of 6. The viscosity test demonstrated that all formulations had a viscosity of 0.99, which is close to that of water. The antibacterial evaluation against S. mutans indicated that formulation 2 demonstrated the most pronounced antibacterial activity, exhibiting an inhibition zone measuring 3.81 mm. All three formulations exhibited stability at ambient temperature. In light of the findings from this study, it can be posited that formulation 2 possesses the potential to serve as a natural mouthwash.
Copyright (c) 2025 Boima Situmeang, Dzulhijar, Juliandoz, Ahmad Fajar Muzakir, Agus Malik Ibrahim, Nani Yulianti, Nurhayati Bialangi, Weny JA Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SKRINING POTENSI EKSTRAK KULIT JANTUNG PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) SEBAGAI ZAT ANTIBAKTERI
Abstract Indonesian Food and Drug Authority or BPOM no longer recommends the use of synthetic preservatives due to their toxic properties and potential carcinogenic risks. One of the natural ingredients that is potential as a natural preservative is the peel of kepok banana blossom (Musa paradisiaca Linn.), which is known to contain secondary metabolites with microbial activity, including steroids, terpenoids, saponins, tanning, alkaloid, flavonoids, and phenols. This study aim to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The peel extract of kepok banana blossom (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) was obtained by maceration with a mixture of 96% ethanol: 3% Citric Acid (85:15) solvent. Concentration of extract varied from 12.5%; 25%; 50%; until 100%, it is used for antibacterial activity test in which aquadest as a negative control and Chloramphenicol as a positive control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test was conducted using the liquid macrodilution method and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test was conducted using the spread method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value was obtained at a concentration of 50% and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value was obtained at a concentration of 100%. The peel extract of Kepok banana blossom (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) with a concentration of 50% was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and with a concentration of 100% was able to kill Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Keywords: kepok banana blossom peel extract, natural preservatives, antibacterial acitivity test Abstrak Badan Obat dan Makanan atau BPOM telah menyarankan untuk menghindari penggunaan bahan pengawet sintesis karena cenderung toksi dan karsinogenik. Salah satu bahan alam yang berpotensi sebagai pengawet alami yaitu kulit jantung pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca Linn.), yang diketahui mengandung metabolit sekunder yang berfungsi sebagai senyawa antimikroba diantaranya steroid, terpenoid, saponin, tanin, alkaloid, flavonoid dan fenol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Ekstrak kulit jantung pisang (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) diperoleh dengan cara maserasi dengan pelarut yang terdiri dari campuran etanol 96% : Asam Sitrat 3% (85:15). Variasi konsentrasi ekstrak dibuat untuk pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dari 12,5%; 25%; 50%; hingga 100%, aquades sebagai kontrol negatif dan Kloramfenikol sebagai kontrol positif. Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dilakukan dengan metode makrodilusi cair dan uji Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) dilakukan dengan metode sebar (spread). Nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) didapatkan pada konsentrasi 50% dan nilai Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) didapatkan pada konsentrasi 100%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, ekstrak kulit jantung pisang (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) dengan konsentrasi 50% diketahui mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan dengan konsentrasi 100% mampu membunuh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords: ekstrak kulit jantung pisang, pengawet alami, uji aktivitas antibakteri
Copyright (c) 2025 Vindi Annisa Rahmah, Agung Kurniawan, Widya Twiny Rizki, Siti Marwah Lestari, Chindiana Khutami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RORANO: KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN INSULIN (COSTUS IGNEUS), KUNYIT (CURCUMA LONGA L.), DAN BIJI PALA (MYRISTICA FRAGRANS HOUTT.) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN
Senyawa reaktif yang memiliki elektron tidak berpasangan dikenal sebagai radikal bebas. Stres oksidatif, yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel dan dianggap sebagai faktor penyebab sejumlah penyakit degeneratif, termasuk diabetes melitus, kanker, gangguan kardiovaskular, dan kondisi neurodegeneratif, dapat disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antioksidan selama proses metabolisme. Zat bioaktif dengan efek farmakologis, termasuk aktivitas antioksidan alami, telah ditemukan dalam ekstrak daun insulin ( Costus Igneus ), kunyit ( Curcuma longa L. ) dan biji pala ( Myristica fragrans Houtt ). Untuk menilai kemampuan antioksidan dari ekstrak individu dan campuran yang dibuat menggunakan formula A dan B, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung nilai IC 50. Untuk mengukur aktivitas antioksidan, digunakan teknik 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Daun insulin, kunyit, dan biji pala menghasilkan ekstrak etanol dengan rendemen masing-masing 25,2%, 29,6%, dan 29,2%. Semua ekstrak mengandung senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, dan alkaloid, berdasarkan skrining fitokimia. Formula A dan formula B menunjukkan nilai IC50 masing -masing 113,98 µg/mL dan 108,74 µg/mL, sedangkan nilai IC50 untuk daun insulin, kunyit, dan biji pala masing-masing adalah 106,96 µg/mL, 117,90 µg/mL, dan 108,14 µg/mL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat variasi yang signifikan antara nilai IC50 masing- masing ekstrak dan campurannya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian tambahan harus dilakukan untuk memeriksa potensi efek sinergis terkait dengan regenerasi antioksidan, mekanisme pembersihan ekstrak radikal radikal, dan stabilitas serta ketersediaan bahan aktif hayati.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulkifli Tuara, Fitriana Ibrahim, Rizky Gusti Pratiwi, Nur Fita Adistianingsih Naser, Feni Sari Afriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BETA MYRCENE DAN DL-LIMONENE SEBAGAI KOMPONEN UTAMA EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK SIAM (CITRUS NOBILIS) DARI EKSTRAKSI DENGAN METODE SOKHLETASI
Orange is one of the plants that cultivated and considered as horticultural plants. One of the regencies which have a lot of oranges crops is Banyuwangi and orange is one of the Banyuwangi commodities. The kind of orange which cultivated in Banyuwangi is Jeruk Siam (Citrus nobilis). Availability of oranges all of the years and the high of oranges consuming caused a lot of peel. To process orange peel be a product that have economics value that is be essentials oil. The aim of this research is to explore the diversity of volatile compounds of Citrus nobilis peel. The method used in this research is soxhletation which n-hexane as solvent. Extract was analyzed by using GCMS-QP2020 NX Shimadzu. Two of major volatile compound was identified as beta myrcene and dl-limonene which had Rt dan % area are 2.501 minutes, 3.75% and 3.113 minute, 41.08% the data was compared to Wiley 9 LIB. The data fragmentation (m/z) of beta myrcene are 41, 43, 53, 69, 93, 107, 121,136. The data fragmentation (m/z) of dl-limonene are 36, 41, 53, 68,79, 93, 107, 121, dan 136.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Luh Putu Yuniantari, Erlin Susilowati, Dini Nastiti Anjarsari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SINTESIS BIOSURFAKTAN EKSTRAK DAUN PURING (Codiaeum variegatum) DAN KULIT JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix) SEBAGAI DETERGEN BIODEGRADABLE
Croton leaf (Codiaeum variegatum) and kaffir lime peel (Citrus hystrix) are plants that contain secondary metabolite compounds such as saponins and tannins. This research aims to utilize natural ingredients to biodegradable detergent synthesis and determine the quality of the biosurfactant product produced. The detergent composition was made using 5 variations of extract concentration, namely 15%, 30%, 45%, 50% and 55%. Analysis of the quality of detergent products includes organoleptic tests, pH tests, density tests, viscosity tests, foam height and foam stability tests as well as saponin and tannin levels contained therein before and after making the detergent. The detergent quality results obtained met SNI standards, namely pH 5-10, density 1.3 g/cm3, viscosity ranging from 3-20 cP, foam height 3-13 cm and foam stability 66.6% - 92.5%. Total saponin levels increased after making detergent and tannin levels decreased after making detergent. These results proved that croton leaf and kaffir lime peel can be used as raw materials for biodegradable detergent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sitti Chadijah, Sarah Nurmayanti, Rahmiani Gani, Ummi Zahra, Iin Novianty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEMISAHAN GLISERIDA-GLISERIDA SISA DARI ASAM LEMAK HASIL LIPOLISIS
Produksi asam-asam lemak hasil lipolisis minyak sawit dapat diperoleh diatas 60%. Proses pemisahan gliserida-gliserida sisa dari asam-asam lemak hasil lipolisis harus dikembangkan untuk mendukung paket teknologi penyediaan asam-asam lemak dalam industri oleokimia dan juga dalam pembuatan ester metil asam-asam lemak. Ekstraksi dengan pelarut merupakan proses pemisahan yang tepat untuk memisahkan gliserida sisa dari asam-asam lemak karena gliserida memiliki titik didih yang sangat tinggi. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah diklorometan, dietil eter campuran diklorometan-dietil eter, dan asetonitril. Ekstraksi dioperasikan pada suhu 40-45oC selama 15-30 menit dan diaduk dengan putaran sebesar 150-200 rpm. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi hasil lipolisis pelarut diklorometan-dietil eter tak menunjukkan hasil-hasil yang memuaskan. Hasil yang paling bagus menghasilkan angka asam ekstrak dan rafinat 131,8 dan 172,7 mg KOH/g sampel. Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, penggunaan asetonitril dipandang paling layak untuk ditelusuri lebih lanjut dengan angka asam ekstrak dan rafinat sebesar 157,5 dan 62,6 mg KOH/g sampel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinda Rizka Fadhillah, Astri Nur Istyami, Sry Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM GATAL LEAVES (Laportea Decumana) OF MALUKU
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from Gatal leaves (Laportea decumana) sourced from Maluku. Dried leaf powder was extracted with 96% ethanol over three cycles of 24 hours, followed by concentration using a rotary evaporator. Qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids, while saponins and steroids were not detected. Phenols and flavonoids were identified as the dominant bioactive compounds responsible for strong antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, yielding an IC₅₀ value of 55.31 ppm slightly higher than the positive control, vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 47.20 ppm) indicating potent free radical scavenging ability. These findings confirm that the ethanol extract of Gatal leaves is rich in bioactive phytochemicals, particularly antioxidants, and holds significant potential as a natural raw material for the development of herbal or nutraceutical products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Semuel Simra, Nikmans Hattu, Jolantje Latupeirissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADHESIVE BEHAVIOR OF POLYCAPROLACTONE/HYDROXYAPATITE COATINGS ON 316L STAINLESS STEEL: A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS APPROACH
Enhancing the adhesive strength of bioactive coatings is crucial for improving the mechanical stability of metallic implants. This study investigates the effects of three processing parameters—sonication temperature (X₁), PCL/HA ratio (X₂), and drying time (X₃)—on the adhesive strength of poly(ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composite coatings applied to 316L stainless steel substrates. A full factorial 23 experimental design was employed, and the results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression modeling. The adhesive strength response ranged from 19.62 MPa to 63.27 MPa. Among the factors studied, the PCL/HA ratio had the most significant positive effect, while drying time showed a minor influence. Interaction plots and response surface analyses revealed a synergistic effect between sonication temperature and PCL/HA ratio, contributing to improved bonding at the coating-substrate interface. The optimization results yielded a predicted maximum adhesive strength of 25.76 MPa at a desirability score of 0.03, highlighting the complexity of parameter interactions. These findings underscore the importance of processing conditions in tailoring coating performance for biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agung Prabowo, Ahmad Fadli, Heni Sugesti, Muh Irwan, Syarifuddin Oko, Gading Bagus Mahardika, Marlinda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS PENGARUH FERMENTASI BUAH NANAS DAN JENIS METODE EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP KADAR TOTAL FENOL PADA SERBUK MINUMAN MENYERUPAI KOPI BERBAHAN BAKU BIJI KURMA
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh fermentasi dengan nanas dan jenis metode ekstraksi terhadap Kadar Total Fenol dalam bubuk minuman mirip kopi yang terbuat dari biji kurma (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Biji kurma terlebih dahulu difermentasi menggunakan nanas, kemudian dikeringkan dalam oven, disangrai, dan digiling menjadi bubuk. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan tiga metode: dekokta, maserasi etanol, dan seduh dingin. Kadar total fenol diukur menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dan hasilnya dinyatakan dalam mg GAE/g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fermentasi meningkatkan kadar fenol pada semua metode ekstraksi yang diuji. Kadar fenol tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan fermentasi yang dikombinasikan dengan metode maserasi etanol, yaitu sebesar 124,265 mg GAE/g, sedangkan kadar terendah terdapat pada perlakuan tanpa fermentasi dengan metode seduh dingin, yaitu sebesar 36,123 mg GAE/g. Metode ekstraksi maserasi etanol terbukti paling efektif dalam mengekstrak senyawa fenol jika dibandingkan dengan dekokta dan seduh dingin. Dengan demikian, kombinasi fermentasi dan maserasi etanol merupakan perlakuan terbaik untuk meningkatkan kadar total fenol pada tepung biji kurma.
Copyright (c) 2025 desti_25 nursaleh_25, Herlan Herdiawan, Iqbal Musthapa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CATALYTIC HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII: ENHANCING BIO-CRUDE OIL YIELD AND QUALITY
Indonesia's high population density has led to a rapidly growing energy demand. In response, the government is compelled to increase energy production. However, the scarcity of natural resources in the country has prompted the development of alternative energy sources, particularly biomass. Advances in biomass conversion technology have now reached the third generation, which offers the benefit of not competing with food supply. Among the most promising third-generation biomass sources is microalgae. One effective method for converting microalgae into bio-oil is catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). This technique enhances both the yield and quality of bio-oil, potentially making its properties comparable to those of crude oil. The present study investigates the influence of catalyst addition in the HTL process on the characteristics of the resulting bio-crude oil. Experiments were conducted using a batch reactor with a silica-alumina catalyst, at different temperatures (200°C, 225°C, and 250°C) and catalyst loadings (4%, 5%, and 6%). The catalytic HTL process produced four distinct product phases: bio-oil, aqueous phase, gas, and solid residue. Analysis using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the highest hydrocarbon content nearly 40% was obtained with the addition of 6% catalyst. Additionally, increasing catalyst loading was found to improve bio-oil quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Said Hanief, Laras Prasakti, Arief Budiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF VACCINE ADJUVANTS: CURRENT APPLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT, AND IN SILICO DESIGN
Adjuvants play a crucial role in modern vaccine formulations by enhancing immune responses, prolonging protection, and reducing the required antigen dose. Although several adjuvants have been globally licensed, the development of novel adjuvants still faces major challenges such as unpredictable immunogenicity, potential toxicity, and high in vivo testing costs. In silico approaches offer promising solutions for accelerating adjuvant design and validation in a more efficient and targeted manner. This review summarizes recent advances in computational methods for adjuvant development, including epitope prediction, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and the application of artificial intelligence. It also discusses currently licensed adjuvants and highlights case studies involving in silico-designed immune-receptor agonists such as Toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligands. Integrating empirical and bioinformatic strategies is expected to create new opportunities for developing safer, more specific, and personalized vaccine adjuvants. Key challenges and future research directions are also identified to optimize the incorporation of in silico approaches into global vaccine innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nikmatia Herfena, Eka Gunarti Ningsih, Widya Tania Artha, Ilham Ardatul Putra, Nur Afriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF LI [NIXCOYMN1-X-Y] O2 CATHODE MATERIALS FOR LI-ION BATTERIES
Abstract Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 layered oxides Cathode Materials are among the most widely studied cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high gravimetric and volumetric energy density compared to other type cathode materials. However, the practical deployment of Ni-rich NCM materials is hindered by severe degradation mechanisms, including cation-mixing, surface reconstruction, electrolyte reactivity, transition metal dissolution, and oxygen release, which compromise cycling stability and safety. This review systematically synthesizes recent progress in advanced modification strategies designed to mitigate degradation in Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 cathodes. The discussion is structured into four major approaches: (i) surface modification, which employs protective coatings to suppress interfacial reactions and stabilize the cathode–electrolyte interphase; (ii) elemental doping, which strengthens the lattice, reduces cation mixing, and inhibits oxygen evolution; (iii) single-crystal engineering, which eliminates grain-boundary failure and improves thermal stability; and (iv) concentration-gradient architectures, which alleviate internal stress and enhance the durability of Ni-rich cathodes. Empirical evidence demonstrates that these strategies not only extend cycle life but also provide mechanistic insights into the underlying degradation pathways. By consolidating findings from recent experimental, this review highlights the necessity of integrating structural, chemical, and morphological interventions to realize the full potential of Ni-rich NCM cathodes. The insights presented offer a framework for designing safer, higher-performance, and commercially scalable lithium-ion batteries. Abstrak Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 berbasis oksida berlapis merupakan salah satu material katoda yang paling banyak dikaji dalam pengembangan baterai litium-ion. Keunggulan utamanya terletak pada kerapatan energi gravimetri dan volumetri yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jenis katoda lain. Namun demikian, penerapan praktis material NCM kaya nikel masih menghadapi sejumlah kendala serius akibat berbagai mekanisme degradasi, antara lain pencampuran kation, rekonstruksi permukaan, reaktivitas dengan elektrolit, pelarutan logam transisi, serta pelepasan oksigen. Mekanisme-mekanisme tersebut secara langsung menurunkan stabilitas siklus dan tingkat keselamatan baterai.Ulasan ini menyajikan sintesis sistematis mengenai perkembangan mutakhir strategi modifikasi lanjutan yang dirancang untuk menekan degradasi pada katoda Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2. Terdapat empat pendekatan utama yang dibahas, yaitu: (i) modifikasi permukaan, melalui penerapan lapisan pelindung guna menekan reaksi antarmuka dan menstabilkan lapisan katoda–elektrolit; (ii) doping unsur, yang berfungsi memperkuat struktur kisi, mengurangi pencampuran kation, serta menekan evolusi oksigen; (iii) rekayasa kristal tunggal, yang mengatasi kegagalan pada batas butir sekaligus meningkatkan stabilitas termal; dan (iv) arsitektur gradien konsentrasi, yang mampu meredam tegangan internal dan memperpanjang daya tahan katoda kaya nikel. Hasil-hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa penerapan strategi tersebut tidak hanya memperpanjang umur pakai siklus, tetapi juga memperkaya pemahaman tentang mekanisme degradasi yang mendasari. Dengan mengintegrasikan temuan-temuan eksperimental terbaru, ulasan ini menegaskan pentingnya perpaduan intervensi struktural, kimia, dan morfologis untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja katoda NCM kaya nikel. Wawasan yang dihadirkan sekaligus menawarkan kerangka konseptual bagi pengembangan baterai litium-ion yang lebih aman, berkapasitas tinggi, dan memiliki prospek komersialisasi yang luas.
Copyright (c) 2025 YOLA BERTILSYA HENDRI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN HIDROLISAT PROTEIN KEPALA DAN KULIT UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus Vannamei)
Limbah kepala dan kulit udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) berpotensi mencemari lingkungan karena kandungan proteinnya yang tinggi, namun dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku hidrolisat protein yang mengandung peptida bioaktif dengan aktivitas antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan hidrolisat protein dari kepala dan kulit udang vaname menggunakan enzim bromelain serta mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidannya. Proses hidrolisis dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi enzim bromelain 4%, 5%, dan 6% pada suhu 55 °C selama 4 jam, kemudian produk dianalisis kadar protein, derajat hidrolisis, uji kualitatif protein, serta aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS. Hasil menunjukkan kadar protein meningkat seiring peningkatan konsentrasi enzim, yaitu 45,16% (4%), 48,27% (5%), dan 50,10% (6%). Nilai derajat hidrolisis tercatat 80,74–84,21% yang menandakan tingkat hidrolisis tinggi. Uji kualitatif memberikan reaksi positif terhadap protein, asam amino, senyawa aromatik, dan tirosin. Aktivitas antioksidan hidrolisat terbaik pada konsentrasi enzim 6% dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 3,14 mg/mL, meskipun masih lebih rendah dibandingkan vitamin C (0,12 mg/mL). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah hidrolisat protein kepala dan kulit udang vaname berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan alami, meskipun efektivitasnya masih perlu ditingkatkan untuk aplikasi pangan fungsional. Kata kunci: hidrolisat protein, udang vaname, bromelain, antioksidan
Copyright (c) 2025 Sindy atteri warda, Deasy N. Botutihe, Arviani Arviani, Weny J. A. Musa, Hendri Iyabu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN HIDROLISAT PROTEIN TULANG IKAN SELAR BENTONG (Selar Crumenophthalmus) HASIL HIDROLISIS ENZIM PAPAIN
Ikan selar bentong (Selar crumenophthalmus) merupakan salah satu ikan pelagis kecil yang banyak terdapat di perairan Gorontalo dan memiliki nilai ekonomis penting. Hasil perikanan samping berupa tulang ikan masih jarang dimanfaatkan, meskipun kandungan proteinnya cukup tinggi dan berpotensi menghasilkan produk bernilai fungsional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi hidrolisat protein tulang ikan selar bentong serta mengaktifkan aktivitas antioksidannya. Hidrolisis dilakukan menggunakan enzim papain dengan konsentrasi 2%, 4%, dan 6% selama 4 jam pada kondisi optimal. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi kadar protein, derajat hidrolisis, uji kualitatif asam amino, serta aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar protein tulang ikan meningkat dari 10,47% pada kondisi mentah menjadi 33,19% pada konsentrasi enzim 2%, 35,08% pada konsentrasi 4%, dan 37,35% pada konsentrasi 6%. Nilai derajat hidrolisis juga meningkat dengan penambahan enzim, dengan nilai tertinggi 83,16% pada konsentrasi 6%. Aktivitas antioksidan terbaik ditunjukkan pada konsentrasi enzim 6% dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 0,98 mg/mL, mendekati vitamin C (0,12 mg/mL). Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah hidrolisat protein tulang ikan selar bentong berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan alami yang dapat diterapkan dalam pengembangan fungsional pangan maupun suplemen kesehatan. Kata kunci : ikan selar bentong, protein hidrolisat, papain, antioksidan, ABTS
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitri Hadji, Deasy N. Botutihe, Najmah Najmah, Nurhayati Bialangi, Wiwin Rewini Kunusa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEMBUATAN Dye (Zat Warna) BERBAHAN DASAR KUBIS MERAH (Brassica Oleracea L.) DENGAN METODE MASERASI
DSSC fabrication using expensive and difficult to obtain synthetic dye sensitizers can be overcome by utilizing natural dyes from red cabbage. Dye or dye functions as a compound that absorbs sunlight. This study aims to explore the characteristics of anthocyanin pigments extracted from natural materials, namely red cabbage (Brassica Oleracea) as a dye-sensitizer in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) type solar cells. Anthocyanin pigments were chosen because of their ability to absorb light in a broad spectrum, their environmentally friendly nature, and their abundant availability in nature. Pigment extraction was carried out using 70% ethanol solvent and characterization was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible (UV-Vis). The results of the FTIR analysis showed anthocyanin. UV-Vis analysis showed an absorption peak at a wavelength of 323 nm. The results of this study indicate that anthocyanin pigments from natural materials have the potential as effective and environmentally friendly dye-sensitizers in the development of DSSC
Copyright (c) 2025 wardah nabila putri, Sherly Kasuma Warda Ningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDI KINETIKA EKSTRAKSI TEMBAGA DARI BIJIH ENARGIT DALAM LARUTAN ASAM SULFAT
This study investigates the kinetics of copper extraction from enargite ore (Cu₃AsS₄) using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as an oxidizing agent. Leaching experiments were carried out under various operating conditions, including H₂SO₄ concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 M), H₂O₂ concentrations (1, 1.5, and 3 M), solid percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%), and temperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C), with a leaching time of up to 480 minutes. The results indicated that higher concentrations of H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ significantly enhanced copper extraction efficiency, while increasing solid percentage reduced the leaching performance. The optimum condition was achieved at 2 M H₂SO₄, 3 M H₂O₂, 5% solids, and 50 °C, resulting in a maximum copper extraction of 97.95%. Kinetic analysis revealed that the leaching process was predominantly controlled by diffusion through a porous product layer based on the shrinking core model, but shifted to interface reaction control at higher temperatures. These findings provide new insights into the leaching mechanism of enargite ore and serve as a foundation for developing more efficient and environmentally friendly hydrometallurgical processes for copper recovery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kostiawan Sukamto, Isal Kamumu, Ahmad Kadir Kilo, Akram La Kilo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION AND UV-PROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF ARCANGELISIA FLAVA EXTRACT
The increasing demand for natural UV-protective agents has led to the exploration of plant-based bioactive compounds. Yellow root (Arcangelisia flava) extract is traditionally used in medicine and contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids with potential photoprotective properties. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of A. flava extract and evaluate its UV-absorbing properties using UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The extract was obtained through maceration with ethanol, followed by spectroscopic analysis. The UV-Vis spectrum (200–400 nm) revealed multiple absorption peaks, particularly at 270 nm, 292 nm, 306 nm, 340 nm, 354 nm, 360 nm, and 396 nm, indicating the presence of UV-absorbing compounds. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and aromatic (C=C) functional groups, which are characteristic of flavonoids and other bioactive compounds. These findings suggest that A. flava extract has potential as a natural UV-protective agent. Further studies on compound isolation, fractionation, and photostability assessments are required to optimize its purity and effectiveness in sunscreen formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tety Wahyuningsih Manurung, Rokiy Alfanaar, Mokhamat Ariefin, Marvin Horale Pasaribu, Eva Susanty Simaremare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS SPEKTROFOTOMETRI EKSTRAK BUNGA TELANG BERDASARKAN VARIASI WAKTU MASERASI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT SENSITIZER PADA DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL (DSSC)
Increasing population growth causes an increase in energy demand, which causes global warming and climate change. Therefore, a renewable energy source is needed, namely solar energy. DSSC offers the potential for lower production costs compared to conventional solar cells. However, currently the commonly used sensitizer is ruthenium-based which is expensive and harmful to the environment. Therefore, a natural sensitizer is sought, namely from butterfly pea flowers which contain anthocyanin pigments that can absorb light and convert it into electrons. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional groups of butterfly pea flowers and determine the effect of maceration time on the maximum wavelength of butterfly pea flower extract as a sensitizer candidate in DSSC. The method used was maceration of butterfly pea flower powder using 70% ethanol solvent with variations in maceration time, namely 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. Spectrophotometric analysis was carried out using FTIR to determine the functional groups contained in butterfly pea flowers and UV-Vis to determine the maximum wavelength in butterfly pea flower extract. The result is that there is a strong absorption band at a wave number of 3279.96 cm-1 indicating the presence of O-H group stretching which indicates that the butterfly pea flower is rich in anthocyanins. The maximum wavelength of the butterfly pea flower is that there are 2 peaks at 576 nm and 621 nm. Variations in maceration time do not affect the maximum wavelength of the butterfly pea flower but affect the absorbance, the lowest absorbance is 24 hours of maceration time followed by 48 hours of maceration time and the highest is 72 hours of maceration time. The conclusion is that the main compound contained in the butterfly pea flower is anthocyanin and 72 hours of maceration time shows the highest absorbance so it can be used as the most optimal sensitizer candidate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadia Mutiara Putri, Sherly Kasuma Warda Ningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI POLIMER BERCETAKAN MOLEKUL TARTRAZIN UNTUK PEMISAHAN WARNA TARTRAZIN PADA KERUPUK
Tartrazine (E102) is a synthetic food dye that imparts a bright lemon-yellow coloration. The compound is composed of phenolic derivatives, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic structures. Its extensive application in the food sector is attributed to its remarkable stability against light, oxygen, heat, and pH variations, along with its relatively low production cost. In Indonesia, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) authorizes the use of tartrazine at a maximum concentration of 70 mg/kg in food and beverage products. However, excessive consumption may trigger adverse health effects such as allergic responses, skin irritation, migraines, and visual disturbances. Detection of tartrazine using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offers greater selectivity and precision compared to conventional analytical techniques. In this work, MIP was synthesized employing methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, tartrazine as the template molecule, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as the crosslinking agent, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator, and dimethylformamide as the porogenic solvent. The synthesized polymer was evaluated alongside a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) and characterized through FTIR, TGA, and SEM analyses. FTIR spectra revealed absorption bands at 1149.57 cm⁻¹, 1732.08 cm⁻¹, 2966.52 cm⁻¹, and 3441.01 cm⁻¹, corresponding respectively to C–H bending, carboxylate C=O stretching, C–H stretching, and O–H vibrations. The research results showed that a sample of crackers sold in a shop in the city of Bandung contained 0.42 mg/g or the equivalent of 420 mg/kg with a recovery of 95.47%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junita Br Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZATION OF VALUABLE MINERALS (MG2+ & K⁺) RECOVERY FROM SEAWATER USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)
The extraction of metallic ions from seawater brine within a circular economy framework presents economic promise yet is hampered by concomitant ionic interference manifested during the precipitation of salts. The present investigation sought to characterize and subsequently to refine the co-precipitation steps for magnesium and potassium ions such that they yield suitable precursors for the synthesis of struvite fertilizer. The experimental work utilized a Response Surface Methodology built upon a Face-Centered Central Composite Design, interrogating the influence of the molar ratio of sodium hydrogen phosphate to calcium chloride and the duration of reaction on the simultaneous recovery of Mg²⁺ and K⁺. Results from the Analysis of Variance demonstrated that the principal effects of the aforementioned ratio, reaction duration, and their interaction terms were statistically significant for both target recoveries. By iterative optimization, the experimental framework predicted optimal operational parameters of sodium hydrogen phosphate to calcium chloride ratio of 0.401 and a reaction interval of 11.608 minutes, corresponding to a composite desirability statistic of 0.908 and estimated recoveries of 93.979 % and 97.300 % for magnesium and potassium ions, respectively. The data therefore substantiate the conclusion that Response Surface Methodology provides a systematic and analytically tractable conduit for the resolution of equilibrated brine mixtures, delineating a refined process envelope that promotes the extraction and economic valorization of essential mineral fertilizers from industrial saline streams.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raka Selaksa Charisma Muchammad, Aisyah Alifatul Zahidah Rohmah, Caecilia Pudjiastuti, Alifah Nur Aini Fajrin, Ketut Sumada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULASI DAN STABILITAS EMULSI O/W PUREE BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)-VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DENGAN SORBITOL DAN ESENS LEMON MENGGUNAKAN EMULSIFIER GUM ARAB
Abstract Emulsion is an effort to enhance the potential of a given material. Locally sourced natural ingredients, such as the widely favored red dragon fruit, can be combined with Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), which is generally less preferred. Through this formulation, the acceptability of the emulsion product can be improved in terms of color, taste, and texture. This study aims to identify the formulation ratio of red dragon fruit puree–VCO emulsion using gum arabic as an emulsifier. In addition, the effects of sorbitol as a sweetener and humectant, as well as lemon essence as a flavoring agent, were also analyzed. The resulting emulsion was an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. The emulsions were prepared with varying ratios of red dragon fruit puree–VCO (10, 15, 20, 25% v/v) with gum arabic at 0.75% (w/v), homogenized at 15,000 rpm for 4 minutes. Viscosity measurements were conducted using an Atago viscometer before and after stability testing. Stability tests were carried out physically using the freeze–thaw method for 5 cycles. After determining the best ratio, further analysis was conducted on the addition of sorbitol (1–2% v/v) and lemon essence (0.2–0.8% v/v). The results showed that the best emulsion was obtained at a puree–VCO ratio of 10%, as indicated by relatively stable viscosity and stability both before and after the stability test. The optimum sorbitol addition was 1.5% (w/v), while the best lemon essence addition was 0.2% (v/v). This formulation can be applied to semi-solid foods such as salad dressings and dessert toppings. Keywords: Virgin Coconut Oil, puree, red dragon fruit, emulsion, gum arabic, sorbitol, lemon essence Abstrak Emulsi merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan potensi yang dimiliki oleh suatu bahan. Bahan alami berbasis lokal seperti buah naga merah yang banyak disukai, dapat dikombinasikan dengan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) yang kurang disukai. Kombinasi formulasi ini dapat meningkatkan daya terima produk emulsi melalui perbaikan dari segi warna, rasa dan tekstur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi formulasi rasio emulsi puree buah naga merah-VCO dengan emulsifier gum arab. Dilakukan pula analisis pengaruh penambahan sorbitol sebagai pemanis dan humektan serta penambahan esens lemon sebagai pemberi aroma. Emulsi yang terbentuk merupakan emulsi minyak dalam air (O/W). Emulsi dibuat dengan variasi rasio VCO-Puree buah naga merah (10,15,20,25%v/v) dengan gum arab 0,75%(%w/v), dihomogenisasi pada kecepatan 15.000 rpm selama 4 menit. Dilakukan pengukuran viskositas terhadap emulsi dengan viskometer Atago sebelum dan sesudah pengujian stabilitas. Pengujian stabilitas dilakukan secara fisik dengan uji Freeze-thaw test selama 5 siklus. Setelah didapatkan rasio terbaik, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis terhadap penambahan sorbitol dengan variasi 1-2%(%v/v) dan penambahan esens lemon dengan variasi 0,2-0,8%(%v/v). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa emulsi terbaik terbentuk pada rasio puree- VCO 10% yang ditunjukkan oleh viskositas dan stabilitas yang relatif stabil sebelum maupun sesudah pengujian stabilitas. Sedangkan pada penambahan sorbitol yang terbaik yaitu 1,5%(%w/v) dan penambahan esens lemon terbaik yaitu 0,2% (%v/v). Formulasi ini dapat diaplikasikan pada pangan semi-padat seperti salad dressing dan topping dessert. Keywords: Virgin Coconut Oil, puree, buah naga merah, emulsi, gum arab, sorbitol, esens lemon
Copyright (c) 2025 Asriwulan, Muh. Awalul Agus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH PRETREATMENT TERHADAP KUALITAS KARBON AKTIF DARI BATANG ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes)
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kualitas karbon aktif dari batang eceng gondok yang melalui proses pretreatment dan tanpa pretreatment. Eceng gondok dipilih karena merupakan limbah biomassa yang melimpah dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Metode pretreatment dilakukan untuk menghilangkan pengotor yang menutupi struktur selulosa, sedangkan aktivasi dengan asam asetat bertujuan menghasilkan arang aktif yang memiliki luas permukaan besar. Proses pretreatment dilakukan dengan pemanasan terbuka dalam variasi konsentrasi larutan NaOH (3, 5, 7, 9, dan 11%) selama 60 menit lalu ditentukan kadar selulosanya secara gravimetri untuk mengetahui konsentrasi NaOH yang optimal dan digunakan dalam proses pembuatan arang aktif. Proses aktivasi menggunakan metode refluks dalam larutan CH3COOH 5% dengan variasi waktu (30, 60, 90, 120 dan 150 menit). Karbon aktif yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi berdasarkan SNI No. 06-3730-1995 yang meliputi uji daya serap iod, kadar air, kadar abu. Selain itu dilakukan uji luas permukaan menggunakan metode Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larutan NaOH yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kadar selulosa yaitu 7%, sedangkan waktu optimal untuk aktivasi karbon dalam larutan CH3COOH 5% yaitu 120 menit. Kualitas karbon aktif dari batang eceng gondok dengan perlakuan pretreatment maupun tanpa pretreatment telah memenuhi standar SNI No 16-3730-1995 untuk uji kadar air dan kadar abu. Karbon aktif batang eceng gondok dengan perlakuan pretreatment untuk daya serap iod telah memenuhi standar SNI No 16-3730-1995, sedangkan tanpa pretreatment tidak memenuhi parameter uji daya serap iod. Luas permukaan karbon aktif yang dihasilkan dari proses pretreatment lebih besar dibandingkan dengan tanpa pretreatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Azis, Afrianti S. Lamuru, Mahirullah, Andi Batari Angka, Nur Aisyah, Rahmila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADSORBSI PEROKSIDA MINYAK JELANTAH DENGAN HIDROKSIAPATIT ASAL TULANG AYAM: PENGARUH ALKALINITAS AKTIVATOR
Peroksida merupakan senyawa reaktif yang umumnya terbentuk pada minyak jelantah akibat interaksi antara minyak goreng dan oksigen selama proses pemanasan. Hidroksiapatit yang berasal dari tulang ayam memiliki potensi signifikan untuk menghilangkan peroksida karena struktur berporinya serta adanya gugus aktif yang melimpah yang mampu mengikat molekul peroksida. Kapasitas adsorpsi hidroksiapatit berbasis tulang ayam dapat ditingkatkan melalui penghilangan hambatan pada struktur porinya. Dalam penelitian ini, natrium hidroksida (NaOH) digunakan sebagai aktivator kimia dengan variasi konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25% (b/v). Nilai peroksida ditentukan sesuai dengan prosedur yang tercantum dalam SNI 2902:2011. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi NaOH optimal adalah 15%, yang menghasilkan kapasitas adsorpsi tertinggi sebesar 19,7820%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurfiansyah Nurfiansyah, Srinanda Israwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS KADAR BIOETANOL DARI LIMBAH CAIR PULP KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN ADSORBEN ABU SEKAM PADI
Pencarian sumber- sumber energi alternatif terutama berasal dari tumbuhan multiguna yang berbasis lokal dan berkelanjutan terus digalakan. Salah satu bahan bakar nabati (BBN) yang sangat prospektif dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah bioetanol, yaitu senyawa etanol yang dibuat dari tanaman yang mengandung komponen pati atau karbohidrat/gula seperti dari tanaman kakao. Salah satu komponen biji kakao adalah pulp yang mengandung glukosa 8-15% sehingga sangat potensial untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan etanol melalui proses fermentasi yang selama ini jarang dimanfaatkan cairan lendir pulp yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi satu ton biji kakao dapat mencapai 75-100liter dengan bau yang tidak sedap, sehingga dapat mencemari lingkungan. Kadar bioetanol hasil fermentasi pulp kakao dipengaruhi oleh factor pH, kadar ragi, dan lama fermentasi. Sebelum fermentasi dilakukan terlebih dahulu dibuat starter dengan tujuan untuk mengaktifkan enzim. Pemisahan dan pemurnian etanol hasil fermentasi dapat ditingkatkan kadarnya dengan penambahan adsorben abu sekam padi. Abu sekam adi terlebih dahulu dicuci sampai bersih dan terakhir dicuci dengan aquades dan dipanaskan dalam oven pada suhu 1050C. Sampel pulp kakao hasil fermentasi yang mengandung etanol ditambahkan dengan abu sekam padi sebelum di destilasi. Destilat etanol yang diperoleh diukur kadarnya menggunakan Alcohol Meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu fermentasi dan kadar ragi mempengaruhi kadar bioetanol dari pulp kakao yang dihasilkan. Lama fermentasi optimal yang diperoleh adalah 6 hari dengan kadar bioetanol sebesar 4,73%. Kadar ragi optimal terhadap starter (berat starter adalah 1 % dari sampel pulp kakao yang difermntasi) diperoleh pada kondisi dengan perbandingan 1 gram ragi: 1% starter. Kadar bioetanol yang diperoleh dengan penambahan abu sekam padi menggalami peningkatan dari 5,06% menjadi 8,52%. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan abu sekam padi pada sampel pulp kakao hasil fermentasi yang menggandung bioetanol dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahaan abu sekam padi.
Copyright (c) 2025 La Harimu, Haeruddin, Wa Ode Mulyana, Cahyana Mandasari, Afrianti S. Lamuru, Mahirullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INOVASI PEMBUATAN DAN ANALISA MUTU PRODUK NUTRACEUTICAL FOOD BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) DENGAN METODE OVEN DRYER
Pembuatan produk nutraceutical buah naga merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) dengan metode oven dryer dengan pengeringan pada suhu optimal untuk mempertahankan kandungan nutrisi dan antioksidan yang dimilikinya. Metode ini dipilih karena efisiensi dalam menguapkan air, tanpa merusak komponen aktif buah naga merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus), sehingga diharapkan dapat menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas mutu tinggi yang memenuhi syarat kadar air, kandungan vitamin dan mineral. Proses pembuatan nutraceutical ini, dilakukan dengan tahapan trial and error sampai produk yang dihasilkan layak konsumsi . Kemudian setelah mendapatkan teknik dan suhu yang sinkron dengan waktu pemanasan, maka produk tersebut di buat dalam jumlah yang cukup untuk melalui uji hedonic sebagai evaluasi organoleptis, yang meliputi penerimaan pada bentuk, warna,bau dan rasa. Analisa mutu dilakukan untuk mengetahui produk akhir memenuhi standar nutraceutical dengan fokus pada stabilitas organoleptis (warna, rasa), dan yang paling penting kandungan gizi yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Metode yang digunakan pda penelitian ini yaitu random sampling, yang meliputi 4 uji mutu SNI 01-3710-1995. Hasil dari ke-empat uji tersebut adalah : 1) Uji Organoleptis, warna kecoklatan, rasa buah naga, bau seperti kismis, 2) Uji kadar air, diperoleh hasil kadar air 12,181 %, dan dinyatakan memenuhi syarat maks 31% 3) Uji Bahan Tambahan Makanan : Pemanis, Pewarna, dan Pengawet dinyatakan negatif dan dinyatakan memenuhi syarat, 4) Uji Cemaran Mikroba (Eschericia coli) diperoleh nilai rata-rata 3 APM/g, dinyatakan memenuhi syarat SNI (Maks 3 APM/g) 5. Uji lainnya terhadap produk ini ada empat, adalah 1) Uji pH, dilakukan untuk mengetahui pH produk yaitu rata-rata pH 5,3, sebagai tahap awal untuk mengetahui ketahanan produk terhadap cemaran mikroba dan jamur. 2) Uji Kadar Vitamin C diperoleh dengan nilai rata-rata 0,08% 3) Uji Kadar Karbohidrat, dengan perhitungan gula total diperoleh kadar rata-rata 20,0% 4) Uji Skrining Fitokimia diperoleh hasil Flavonoid (Positif), Tanin (Positif), Alkaloid (Positif), Terpenoid (Negatif), Saponin (Negatif). Dari hasil keseluruhan uji yang sudah dilakukan pada produk buah naga merah kering, dapat disimpulkan bahwa : 1) Produk ini memenuhi empat persyaratan uji mutu SNI 01-3710-1995 2) Dari tahapan proses pembuatan produk yang dibuat, dan dari hasil uji mutu tambahan, dapat dinyatakan bahwa produk tersebut masih memiliki kandungan vitamin, zat gizi makronutrien (karbohidrat) dan antioksidan dari hasil uji skrining fitokimia, sebagai salah satu syarat dinyatakan layak di nyatakan sebagai produk “Nutraceutical Food”
Copyright (c) 2025 Ulfa Nur Maa'idah, Nahnu Anshorudin, Zalfa’ Regita Destinia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREPARATION STUDY OF FE₃O₄-COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL AS A CARBON QUANTUM DOTS CQDS BASED NANOPARTICLE MATERIAL
This research aims to study the preparation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles based on coconut shell charcoal as a carbon source for Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) using the hydrothermal method. The synthesis of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was carried out through the coprecipitation method by mixing FeCl₃·6H₂O and FeSO₄·7H₂O solutions while stirring at 60°C, followed by the addition of CQD solution derived from coconut shell charcoal. The variable parameters include the mass of coconut shell charcoal, reaction temperature, and precursor concentration. Characterization was performed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the optical properties, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the resulting nanoparticles. The results indicate that Fe₃O₄-CQD nanoparticles possess a specific crystal structure and magnetic properties suitable for applications in bioimaging and catalysis. This research contributes to the utilization of organic waste as a raw material for environmentally friendly nanomaterials and has the potential to enhance the economic value of coconut waste. Suggestions for future development include optimization of synthesis parameters and performance testing of the material in real-world applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoshi Adhitia Mahendra, Siti Khomsatin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0