POTENCY OF ENHALUS ACOROIDES FROM INDONESIA REGION FOR HALAL PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: A REVIEW

Currently, the implementation of the Halal assurance system in Indonesia is mandatory. A side from food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medicines must all be halal certified. Natural products, particularly marine-based products, are an alternative choice for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry's raw materials. Enhalus acoroides are common along Indonesia's coasts and have the potential to be used as raw materials in halal cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of E. acoroides samples collected from various locations in Indonesia in terms of bioactive compounds and their applications. Secondary metabolites namely alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, steroids, triterpenes, and tannins have been reported in E. acoroides extract from Indonesia, and they have the potential to be used as antibacterial, antiaging, antiviral, antitumor, and antioxidants in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries in Indonesian.


INTRODUCTION
All individuals around the world are always fighting to protect their health and find nutritious nourishment.Even though pesticides and synthetic chemicals are useful for achieving a certain goal, it is impossible to ignore the dangers they pose to living things.The natural toxins or biotoxins present in living organisms are considered a solution to this problem (Shanta et al., 2013).Muslim patients have special medical demands that set them apart from non-Muslim patients.Although Indonesian legislation guarantees consumer protection for the availability of halal products, it has not yet been fully applied.In Indonesia, the halal status of cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations is still in doubt.The indicator is that 90% of the pharmaceutical industry's raw materials are imported, and there is no halal guarantee system in place for these products (Syahrir et al., 2019).
Pharmaceutical products that may contain active substances and other types of excipients are included in the phrase "halal pharmaceutical."Sources of each product's active components and excipients were evaluated for their halal status and categorization into halal, mushbooh or haram (Aziz et al., 2014;Sadeeqa et al., 2013).Halal food is free of any ingredient that Muslims are forbidden from eating.
According to Al Quran, all good and clean foods are halal.Similarly to halal food, halal pharmaceuticals are supposed to come from halal, clean and healthy source because they are something which are eaten or consumed (Ab Halim et al., 2015).Surah Al Baqarah (i.e.glycosylation, folding and multimeric assembly), low risk of human pathogens and endotoxins and a relatively high protein yield (Raskin et al., 2002).According to Balunas and Kinghorn (2005) (Gray, 2012).The marine environment is a rich source of chemical and biological diversity.The seagrass ecosystem is one of the ecosystems in the sea that has an important role in the life of marine biota and the most productive marine ecosystems, widely used as food ingredients (Nurafni and Nur, 2018;Simamora, 2019).They are also being potential for industrial development with the aquaculture, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries as priorities (Kannan et al., 2010a;Shanta, 2013;Shanta et al., 2013), since there has been an increasing interest in the marine resource for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds.The numerous types of seagrasses found in Indonesian coastal waters are not being utilized.In fact, there is no economic use of seagrass by the local community (Nurafni and Nur, 2018).The

METHOD
The method or approach in this paper is the literature studies.The data was gathered from journal articles, and proceedings related to the topic of study.
Data searches are conducted through online instruments using Science Direct, Garuda, and Google Scholar.Searches are conducted using the keywords "Enhalus", "bioactive compounds", "seagrass", and "Indonesia".
Further searches are done manually on bibliographies that support relevant writing.

Distribution and ecological status of seagrass meadows in Indonesia
Seagrasses are submerged marine angiosperms growing abundantly in the intertidal and subtidal areas of the sea except in Polar Regions (Kannan et al., 2010a;Short et al., 2007).There are probably 57 species of seagrass worldwide (Ahmed et al., 2022), but species can have ranges the extend for thousands of kilometres of coastline.Seagrasses are crucial components of marine ecosystems because they reduce wave energy, maintain sand stability, and offer a huge amount of refuge to a variety of marine organisms (Supaphon et al., 2014).In addition, seagrass preserve genetic diversity and may be useful for metabolic processes (Short et al., 2007).Halophila (Sofiana et al., 2020), and 16 species of seagrass had been identified in the Indonesian Coral Triangle Centre (Hernawan et al., 2021).Thalassia hemprichii and E. acoroides were the most common species in Indonesia (Fahruddin, M. et al., 2022;Hernawan et al., 2021;Lessy and Ramili, 2018;Nurafni and Nur, 2018).
The distribution and ecological status of seagrass in Indonesia have been reported by Hernawan et al. (2021) and are listed in  acoroides is shown in Figure 1.
Several studies have revealed that E.
acoroides can be used as an alternative to healthy food ingredients.The parts that can be used are the leaves, flowers and fruit (Marsel et al., 2021).
Moreover, E. acoroides leaf extracts are rich sources of antioxidant compounds.
Nowadays, the discovery of natural antioxidants is compelled by two factors: (1) epidemiological and clinical evidence indicating that eating vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases such as cancer; and (2) phytochemicals are generally safer than synthetic chemicals (Patra et al., 2008).properties because they inhibit the growth of several dangerous pathogenic bacteria and fungi, as well as having potent antiviral efficacy (Bajpai, 2016).

CONCLUSION
verse 172 of the Quran states that all pure and clean foods and pharmaceuticals are permissible for Moslem consumption, except those specifically prohibited.The majority of cosmetics and pharmaceutical sources are obtained through synthetic processes because the products obtained through this technique have less impurity or contamination (Aziz et al., 2014).However, up until recently, plants served as a valuable resource for the discovery of new pharmacologically active chemicals, and many well-known medications today have some connection to plants, either directly or indirectly (Raskin et al., 2002).Plants provide a number of benefits, such as large biomass output at cheap cultivation costs, quick 'gene to protein' times, inexpensive start-up and ongoing costs, great scalability, and eucaryotic post-translational modifications.
Based on a report by Hernawan et al (2021), Indonesia's seagrass meadows are the largest in Southeast Asia, has the potential to become the largest in the world.E. acoroides is widespread along the Indian Ocean coast and parts tropical of the western Pacific region (Sarinawati, 2020).Until 2018, 7 types of seagrass were known namely Halodule, Cymodocea, Syringodium, Thalassodendron, Enhalus, Thalassia, and

*
SEQI : Status Ecological Quality Index Source: Hernawan et al. (2021) Secondary metabolites of seagrass and their function Seagrass leaves have a reduced cuticle and an epidermis that lacks stomata and functions as the primary photosynthetic tissue.Papenbrock (2012), classifies seagrass based on its growth form, which ranges from small plants with thin leaves (e.g., Halophila, Halodule) to large plants with thick leaves (e.g., Enhalus, Posidonia, and Thalassia).Natural product compounds discovered in medicinal plants (and their analogs) have yielded a plethora of clinically useful drugs.The chemical compounds synthesized by secondary metabolic pathways usually have roles in adaptation processes under stress conditions.Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroid, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins are among the many compounds found in plant tissue (Hudaifah et al., 2020; Supaphon et al., 2014).The most abundant and biologically active phytonutrients are flavonoids (Soto et al., 2015).Flavonoids and their functional derivatives are thought to protect against marine microorganisms.Flavonoid compounds exhibit important activities such as feeding deterrence, antibacterial activity, and antilarval activity (Subhashini et al., 2013).Flavonoids, according to Soto et al. (2015), have antiaging, antimicrobial, proapoptotic and anti-angiogenic and antiviral properties, and can reduce inflammation, inhibit tumor growth, among other things, control the immune system, enhance capillary resistance, prevent the cardiovascular and neurological systems, reduce weight gain, and encourage healing of wounds, among other things.as well as the ability to live and grow in a marine environment.It performs an important ecological function in the sea by acting as a large primary producer, and it is commonly used as an indicator of heavy metal contamination in waters (Ismarti et al., 2017).The species of E. acoroides can be distinguished by their distinct morphologies.The specific characteristics of E. acoroides as reported by Haryati and Kurniawan (2021) and Lessy and Ramili (2018) includes: large leaf size can reach 1 meter, a leaf-shaped ribbon with a length of 30-150 cm and a width of 1.25-1.75cm; hairs on the rhizome of E. acoroides that has no stem, leaves that grow straight from the rhizome; and strong and thick roots that are white and not branched.The sample of E.
Higher plants have steroid hormones and fatty acids.In an ethanol extract of E. acoroides from the South China Sea,Qi et al., (2008) discovered a number of steroids and fatty acids.Five steroids were stigmasta-, et al. (2010), phytosterol (stigmasterol dan b-sitosterol) in the root, rhizome, and leaves of E. acoroides has a high potential for use as an antifertility agent.According to Kim et al. (2021), the seeds of the tropical seagrass E. acoroides were traditionally eaten in the Philippines and were considered to have aphrodisiac and contraceptive properties.Fatty acids derived from marine resources play important roles and biological

Table 1 .
In the study, nine seagrass species were observed across the monitoring locations in Indonesia.Thalassia hemprichii and E. acoroides were dominant at 12 locations each, with E. acoroides dominating in six locations.Seagrass cover ranges from 19 to 65%.The East Indonesia area had the highest seagrass cover (±45%), while the West Area had about 31%.The highest seagrass cover obtained in Biak and Sikka, while the lowest was found in Batam.

Table 1 .
Distribution and the Status Ecological Quality Index of Two Predominant Seagrass Found in Indonesian Coastal

Table 2 .
Proximate Analysis of the part of E. acoroides

Table 3 .
Study on Bioactive Compounds of E. acoroides from Indonesia in the Recent Decade (2012-2022).