KOMPOSISI DAN POLA DISTRIBUSI SPASIAL IKTIOFAUNA DI KAWASAN ESTUARY SEGORO ANAK RESORT GRAJAGAN TAMAN NASIONAL ALAS PURWO
Keywords:
Iktiofauna, Komposisi, Distribusi, Estuary, Taman Nasional Alas PurwoAbstract
Ekosistem estuari merupakan wilayah transisi yang memiliki gradien lingkungan kompleks sehingga berperan penting dalam membentuk struktur komunitas dan distribusi spasial iktiofauna. Meskipun demikian, informasi mengenai keterkaitan antara karakteristik habitat, pola distribusi spesies, dan faktor lingkungan pada Estuari Segoro Anak, Kabupaten Cilacap, masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur komunitas, tingkat kemiripan komunitas, pola distribusi spasial, serta hubungan antara iktiofauna dengan parameter lingkungan pada kawasan estuari tersebut. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada enam stasiun yang mewakili variasi habitat sepanjang gradien estuari. Analisis meliputi indeks struktur komunitas, indeks kemiripan Bray–Curtis, Indeks Morisita Terstandarisasi (Ip), dan Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi sebanyak 35 spesies iktiofauna yang berasal dari berbagai kelompok ekologis. Analisis Bray–Curtis menunjukkan tingkat kemiripan komunitas tertinggi terjadi antara Stasiun I dan III (0,78), sedangkan kemiripan terendah terdapat pada Stasiun V dan VI (0,34) yang mengindikasikan perbedaan karakteristik habitat dan kualitas lingkungan. Analisis Indeks Morisita memperlihatkan bahwa 21 spesies (60,00%) memiliki pola distribusi mengelompok, 11 spesies (31,43%) menunjukkan pola seragam, 1 spesies (2,86%) berpola acak, dan 2 spesies (5,71%) tidak dapat diklasifikasikan karena jumlah individu yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan analisis. Hasil CCA menunjukkan bahwa salinitas, suhu, oksigen terlarut, pH, dan kedalaman merupakan faktor lingkungan utama yang mengendalikan distribusi spesies. Gradien lingkungan tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya pemisahan komunitas ikan sesuai preferensi habitat, mulai dari kawasan hulu, habitat mangrove, hingga zona estuari yang dipengaruhi laut. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa heterogenitas habitat merupakan faktor utama yang menentukan struktur komunitas dan pola distribusi iktiofauna di Estuari Segoro Anak serta menyediakan dasar ilmiah bagi pengelolaan dan konservasi ekosistem estuari secara berkelanjutan.
Abstract
Estuarine ecosystems are transitional environments characterized by complex environmental gradients that strongly influence fish community structure and spatial distribution. However, information regarding the relationships among habitat characteristics, species distribution patterns, and environmental variables in the Segoro Anak Estuary, Cilacap Regency, Indonesia, remains limited. This study aimed to analyze fish community structure, community similarity, spatial distribution patterns, and the relationships between ichthyofauna and environmental variables within the estuary. Fish sampling was conducted at six stations representing different habitat types along the estuarine gradient. Data were analyzed using community structure indices, the Bray–Curtis similarity index, the Standardized Morisita Index (Ip), and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A total of 35 fish species representing several ecological groups were recorded. Bray–Curtis analysis revealed the highest community similarity between Stations I and III (0.78) and the lowest similarity between Stations V and VI (0.34), reflecting marked differences in habitat characteristics and water quality. The Standardized Morisita Index indicated that 21 species (60.00%) exhibited a clustered distribution pattern, 11 species (31.43%) showed a uniform distribution, 1 species (2.86%) displayed a random distribution, while 2 species (5.71%) could not be classified because of insufficient sample size. Canonical Correspondence Analysis demonstrated that salinity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and water depth were the principal environmental variables shaping fish distribution. These environmental gradients generated distinct fish assemblages associated with upstream, mangrove, and marine-influenced estuarine habitats. The findings demonstrate that habitat heterogeneity is the primary ecological driver regulating fish community structure and spatial distribution in the Segoro Anak Estuary, providing a scientific basis for estuarine ecosystem management and conservation.
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